Email - info@lenusoncology.com
Overview
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the stomach lining. There are several types of stomach cancer, including adenocarcinoma (the most common type), lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and carcinoid tumor.
Sure! Stomach cancer can be categorized into different types based on the specific cells involved. The main types of stomach cancer include:
- Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type, accounting for about 90-95% of all stomach cancers. Adenocarcinoma develops from the cells that form the lining of the stomach.
- Lymphoma: Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. In rare cases, lymphoma can originate in the stomach.
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): GIST is a rare type of tumor that begins in the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach. GISTs can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).
- Carcinoid Tumor: Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors that can develop in the stomach. Although they are generally considered less aggressive than other types of stomach cancer, they can still spread to other parts of the body.
The exact causes of stomach cancer are not fully understood, but certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors include:
- Helicobacter pylori infection: This bacterium is a major cause of stomach inflammation and can lead to the development of cancer over time.
- Diet: A diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods, and low in fruits and vegetables, may increase the risk.
- Smoking: Tobacco use has been linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
- Family history: Having a close relative with stomach cancer may increase the risk.
- Age and gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older individuals, and men are more likely to develop it than women.
- Pernicious anemia: This condition, characterized by a lack of vitamin B12, can raise the risk of stomach cancer.
It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop stomach cancer, but it’s advisable to be aware of these factors and take appropriate preventive measures if possible. Regular medical check-ups and discussions with healthcare professionals are essential for early detection and treatment.
The symptoms of stomach cancer can vary, and some of them can be similar to other less serious conditions. However, it’s important to be aware of common signs that may indicate the presence of stomach cancer. These symptoms include:
- Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort
- Unintentional weight loss
- Feeling full or bloated after eating small amounts of food
- Nausea and vomiting
- Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of food getting stuck
- Heartburn or indigestion that does not improve with medication
- Loss of appetite
- Fatigue and weakness
- Blood in the stool or black, tarry stools (indicates bleeding in the stomach)
- Anemia (low red blood cell count) resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and pale skin.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can be caused by various conditions, and experiencing one or more of them does not necessarily mean you have stomach cancer. However, if you have persistent or concerning symptoms, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and diagnosis. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve the chances of successful outcomes.
The diagnosis of stomach cancer typically involves several steps to accurately identify the presence of cancer and determine its extent. Here are some common methods used for diagnosing stomach cancer:
- Medical history and physical examination: A healthcare professional will review your medical history, ask about your symptoms, and perform a physical examination to assess any signs of stomach cancer.
- Imaging tests: Imaging techniques such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans may be used to visualize the stomach and surrounding structures to look for tumors or abnormalities.
- Endoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) into the mouth and down the esophagus to examine the stomach lining. During endoscopy, biopsies can be taken to collect tissue samples for further analysis.
- Biopsy: A biopsy is a crucial diagnostic procedure where a small sample of tissue is taken from the stomach lining during endoscopy or surgery. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist to determine if cancer cells are present.
- Laboratory tests: Blood tests, such as complete blood count (CBC) and tumor marker tests (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen or CEA), may be performed to assess blood cell counts and evaluate specific markers associated with stomach cancer.
The combination of these diagnostic methods helps healthcare professionals make an accurate diagnosis and determine the stage and extent of the cancer. Based on the diagnosis, appropriate treatment options can be discussed and recommended by the medical team.
The treatment for stomach cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location and size of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. Here are some common treatment options for stomach cancer:
- Surgery: Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer. The goal is to remove the cancerous tissue and, if necessary, nearby lymph nodes. Surgical procedures can range from removing a portion of the stomach (subtotal gastrectomy) to the complete removal of the stomach (total gastrectomy). In some cases, surgery may be combined with other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth. It may be administered before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to shrink tumors, after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to eliminate any remaining cancer cells, or as the main treatment for advanced or metastatic stomach cancer.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally through implanted radioactive sources (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy is sometimes used in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy.
- Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs specifically target certain proteins or genes that contribute to the growth of cancer cells. These medications can be used in cases where the cancer cells have specific genetic mutations or overexpress certain proteins.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy helps to boost the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. It may be used in certain cases of advanced stomach cancer.
The choice of treatment or combination of treatments will depend on individual factors and will be determined by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. It’s important to discuss treatment options, potential side effects, and expected outcomes with your healthcare provider to make informed decisions about your care.